Stock exchanges in India

Stock markets refer to a market place where investors can buy and sell stocks. The price at which each buying and selling transaction takes is determined by the market forces (i.e. demand and supply for a particular stock).

In earlier times, buyers and sellers used to assemble at stock exchanges to make a transaction but now with the dawn of IT, most of the operations are done electronically and the stock markets have become almost paperless. Now investors don't have to gather at the Exchanges, and can trade freely from their home or office over the phone or through Internet.

History of the Indian stock market

18th Century

East India Company was the dominant institution and by end of the century, business in

its loan securities gained full momentum

1830's

Business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses started in Bombay.

Trading list by the end of 1839 got broader

1840's

Recognition from banks and merchants to about half a dozen brokers

1850's

Rapid development of commercial enterprise saw brokerage business attracting more people into the business

1860's

The number of brokers increased to 60

1860-61

The American Civil War broke out which caused a stoppage of cotton supply from United

States of America, marking the beginning of the "Share Mania" in India

1862-63

The number of brokers increased to about 200 to 250

1865

A disastrous slump began at the end of the American Civil War (as an example, Bank of  

Bombay Share which had touched Rs. 2850 could only be sold at Rs. 87)

BSE

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) (Hindi or Marathi: Bombay Śhare Bazaar) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Bombay) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and largest number of listed companies in the world, with 4990 listed as of August 2010It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. On Aug, 2010, the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1.39 trillion, making it the 4th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 11th largest in the world.

BSE Office

Bombay Stock Exchange Limited

Phiroze jeejeebhoy towers

Dalal Street , Mumbai- 400001,

India

Vision

The vision of the Bombay Stock Exchange is to "Emerge as the premier Indian stock exchange by establishing global benchmarks.

With over 4,990 Indian companies listed & over 7700 scrips on the stock exchange,it has a significant trading volume. The BSE SENSEX (Sensitive index), also called the "BSE 30", is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for most of the trading in shares in India.

BSE Management

Bombay Stock Exchange is managed professionally by Board of Directors. It comprises of eminent professionals, representatives of Trading Members and the Managing Director. The Board is an inclusive one and is shaped to benefit from the market intermediaries participation.

The Board exercises complete control and formulates larger policy issues. The day-to-day operations of BSE is managed by the Managing Director and its school of professional as a management team.

Network

The Exchange reaches physically to 417 cities and towns in the country. The framework of it has been designed to safeguard market integrity and to operate with transparency. It provides an efficient market for the trading in equity, debt instruments and derivatives. Its online trading system, popularly known as BOLT, is a proprietary system and it is BS 7799-2-2002 certified. The BOLT network was expanded, nationwide, in 1997. The surveillance and clearing & settlement functions of the Exchange are ISO 9001:2000 certified.

Facts

First in India to introduce Equity Derivatives

First in India to launch a Free Float Index

First in India to launch US$ version of BSE Sensex

First in India to launch Exchange Enabled Internet Trading Platform

First in India to obtain ISO certification for Surveillance, Clearing & Settlement

BSE On-Line Trading System (BOLT) has been awarded the globally recognized the Information Security Management System standard BS7799-2:2002.

First to have an exclusive facility for financial training

NSE

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is a stock exchange located at Mumbai, India. It is the largest stock exchange in India in terms of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading.[2] NSE has a market capitalization of around Rs 47,01,923 core (7 August 2009) and is expected to become the biggest stock exchange in India in terms of market capitalization by 2009 end.[3] Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two most significant stock exchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE NIFTY (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalisation. 

Human Digestive System

Human Digestive System

The function of the human digestive system is to break down food and drink so their nutrients can be absorbed to provide nourishment and energy throughout the body. As we age the digestive process slows down and the body may not get enough nutrients. This can lead to a decline of other body systems and disease.Successful aging depends on a well functioning digestive system. There are a number of steps we can take to improve digestion. But first, let's gain a basic understanding of how the digestive process works

1.   Digestion begins in the mouth with the chewing of food (mastication). The teeth start the process with the help of saliva. Saliva contains some enzymes which begin the breakdown of starches and fats while they are still in the mouth.

2.   With each swallow the food is forced down the esophagus and travels to the stomach, by means of muscular contractions (peristalsis). Food and acid is kept from flowing backward by circular bands of muscles called esophageal sphincters.

3.   In the stomach the food is broken down into small particles by acids and enzymes (secreted from the pancreas and liver), into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The stomach is the primary place where proteins are broken down.

4.   These particles then enter the small intestine. Nutrients that the body needs for energy, growth and repair are absorbed through the intestinal walls and transferred to the liver for further processing.

5.   At the end of the small intestine all that is left is water and waste material. This material now enters the large intestine, whose main function is to remove the water from the waste products and return it to the body.

6.   At the end of large intestine is the colon, where the waste material sits until it leaves the body through the auns.