How does soap soil stain Removal?

The wardrobe is an excellent means of water to wash any item. Water is a liquid which dissolves in the liquid of the majority Dust particles and other debris so that it rested on the wardrobe body could only be removed by water But do not dissolve in water, sticky substances such as oil. Attract other particles if the substance on the clothes and saw that the stain on the clothing. A mixture of soap with water to remove the stain of such, Water and oil do not mix with each other in the soap acts as a catalyst.

Soap is a chemical made from the processing of oil. There are a range of hydro carbon atoms. It is with one end and the other end of the process water with oily substances. Especially if the process is easily slightly hot water. Soap solution provides oil cloth released into the water to swim and feel. This seems easy, but the process is complicated. Oily substances when heated becomes thinner so the density is less.

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Wholeseling

It includes all the activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or business use

How do wholesalers differ from retailers

1)   Pay less attention to promotion, atmosphere and location

2)   Their transactions are usually larger than retail transactions

3)   Government regulations are different for wholesalers and retailers

Types

1)   Merchant Wholesalers ( own business that takes title of products they handle)

2)   Full service wholesalers ( Carry stock, have sales force, offer credit, make deliveries etc)

3)   Limited service wholesalers

4) Brokers( works on commission of selling price) and agents ( represents seller on a more permanent basis)

5)   Manufacturer’s and retailers branches and offices

Functions

1)   Selling and promoting

2)   Buying and assortment building

3)   Bulk breaking

4)   Warehousing

5)   Transportation

6)   Financing

7)   Risk bearing

8)   Market information

9)    Management Service and counseling

Selection - A Part of Recruitment Process

Selection has been regarded as the most important function of HRD. It ensure the organization that means .It has right number, right kind of people at the right place and at the right time

Selection is the process of picking up more competent and suitable employees

Process of Selection

The Main process of selecting employees are as following

Application Blank

1)   Application black is filled by candidates

2) Applicants gives relevant personal data such as his Qualifications, specialization, experience, firms in which he has worked etc.

3)   These are checked by company with reference to specifications prescribed for the jobs to decide applicants who are to be called for interview.

Initial Interview

1)   Applicants selected in application blank are called for interview.

2) It provides rough ideas concerning the person’s fit with the job & organization or not

Employment Tests

Tests that are used in this are

1)   Aptitude test

2)   Interest test

3)   Intelligence test

4)   Performance test

5)   Personality test

Checking References

If the candidate is found satisfactory at interview & if performance is good at tests than employer will get the important personal details about candidate such as character, past history, background etc.

Physical & Medical Examination

Objectives of this examination are

1)   To check physical fitness of applicant for the job applied for

2)   To protect company against the unwarranted claims for compensation under certain legislative enactments, such as workmen’s compensation act,

3)   To prevent communicable diseases entering the business concern

Final Interview

This interview is conducted for those who are ultimately selected for employment. In this interview candidates are given an idea about their future prospects within the organization.

Employee Socialization

Employee socialization is the process by which new employees understand the company's policies and the internal culture, how the company hierarchy works and the ways to function effectively in the organization.

Assumptions of Employee Socialization

1)   Socialization strongly influences employee performance & organizational stability.

2)   New member suffer from anxiety.

3)   Individual adjust to new situation remarkably similar way

Socialization Process

There are 3 Stages in Socialization Process that is

1)   Pre-arrival stage

2)   Encounter stage(Entry stage)

3)   Metamorphosis stage(change stage)

Pre-arrival Stage

This socialization process stage recognizes that individual arrives in an organization with a set of organizational values, attitude & expectation.

Pre-arrival sources for Socialization are

1)   Educational & training

2)   Recruitment process

3)   Selection process

Encounter stage(Entry Stage)

1)   It refers the entry of new employee in the organizations.

2)   If the expectations match the reality, socialization may not be needed.

3)   If the expectation do not match the reality, socialization will be needed. New learning will be needed.

4)   If the employee become disillusioned with the reality, they resign the job.

Outcomes pf Socialization

1)   Productivity (High Productivity)

2)   Commitment (High Commitment)

3)   Turnover (less propensity to leave the organization)

4)     Employees pursue a career.

Retailing

It is defined as all the activities involved in selling goods and/or services directly to final consumer for personal, non business use

Retailing

Retailing

Types of Retail Outlet

Specialty stores - specializing on specific merchandise, such as toys, shoes, etc.

Department stores- Department stores are general merchandisers. They offer to the customers mid- to high-quality products like "Westside" and "Lifestyle"--popular department stores.

Super market - A supermarket is a grocery store that sells food and household goods. They are large, most often self-service and offer a huge variety of products.

Hyper market(1,00,000 squaremeter to 1,50,000 squaremeter) - Big Bazaar and Reliance Fresh are hypermarkets that draw enormous crowds.

Retailing on the basis of service

1)   Wheel of retailing hypothesis

2)   Retailing on the basis of services – self service, self selection, limited service and full service

3)   Retailing can also be divided into two categories – store retailing and non store retailing

3)  Non store retailing – Direct selling ( Amway, Eureka), Direct marketing ( telemarketing, internet selling – flipkart, amazon.com), Automatic vending machine

What are Wisdom Teeth?

 Wisdom Teeth

Many young people will listen to the wisdom tooth to grow. Grow human molars in a young age, it is true, but it is not relationship with all the wisdom.

After the baby is born is called milk teeth start to grow teeth six to seven months, The milk teeth about six or seven a year adds the new fall simultaneously, and each molar teeth develop automatically. The amount of blood the size of the teeth and molars grow to play a part in Importance. The composition can be inherited. Molar and dental rises by simultaneously growing a tooth in the process, sometimes not. Since there is not enough space between the teeth is thus, but late in the tooth comes out of his way to them. Many even have pain when the tooth grows. The molars known as wisdom teeth. In a group of teeth of the specific location of the molar teeth. But this does not have anything to eat except for the use of food.

Managers

Manager is a person who manages or is in charge of something.

Managers can control departments in companies or guide the people who work for them.

Managers must often make decisions about things.

Managers Levels

First-Line Managers

Managers who are responsible for the work of operating employees only and do not supervise other managers; they are the “first or lowest level of managers in the organizational hierarchy.

Middle Managers

Managers in the midrange of the organizational hierarchy; they are responsible for other managers and sometimes for some operating employees; they also report to more senior managers.

Top Managers

Managers responsible for the overall management of the organization; they establish operating policies and guide the organization’s interaction with its environment.

Types

Functional Manager

A manager responsible for just one organizational activity, such as finance or human resources management.

General manager

The individual responsible for all functional activities, such as production, sales, marketing and finance for an organization such as a company or a subsidiary.

Cooking

1.   Show Me The Curry

2.   Sailu's Food

3.   Vahrehvah

4.   Tarla Dalal

5.   Sanjeev Kapoor

6.   Manjula's Kitchen

7.   Indian Food

8.   India Tastes

9.   Indian Food Forever 

Brand Equity

Brand Equity is the set of assets and liabilities linked with a brand.It is the added value endowed to the products and services reflected in how consumers think, feel and act with respect to the brand

Customer based brand equity is the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand

Brand knowledge consists of thought, feelings, images, experiences, beliefs that are associated with the brand

Brand promise it is the marketer's vision of what the brand must be and do for consumers

Brand Equity Models

Young and Rubicam’s Brand Asset valuator  according to which there are four key components

1)   Differentiation – degree to which the brand is seen as different from others

2)   Relevance – measures the breadth of a brand’s appeal

3)   Esteem – measures how well the brand is regarded and respected

4)   Knowledge – measures how familiar and intimate consumers are with the brand

  

Brand

Aaker’s  model of  Brand equity is a set of five categories of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand that add and subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm. The categories are.

1)   Brand awareness

2)   Brand loyalty

3)   Perceived Quality

4)   Brand associations

5)   Proprietary assets like patents, copyrights

 

Measuring Brand Equity

Direct approach - assess the actual impact of brand knowledge on consumer response to different aspects of marketing

Indirect impact - assess potential sources of brand equity by identifying and tracking consumer brand knowledge structures.

Channel Design Decisions

Customer’s desired service output levels channels produce five service outputs

1)  Lot size - Number of units the channel permits a typical customer to purchase on one occasion

2)   Waiting and delivery time- Average time customers of that channel wait for receipt of goods

3)   Spatial convenience - Degree to which channel makes it easy for customers to purchase the product

4)   Product variety-  Assortment of products that the channel can supply to the customer -  more variety , better the chance of getting what the customer wants

5)   Service back up- Add o services like credit, delivery, installation and repairs are provided by the channel

Establishing objectives and constraints

1) Channel objectives vary with product characteristics – perishable products need direct marketing, bulky products need less shipping distance and less handling, customized products and high value products need company’s sales force

2)   Strength and weakness of the different  channels also needs to be studied

Identifying major channel alternatives – channel alternatives are identified by three elements

1)   The types of intermediaries needed

2)   The number of intermediaries needed

3)   Terms and responsibilities of each channel member – which include – price policy, conditions of sale, territorial rights, mutual services and responsibilities

Evaluating the major alternatives

1)   Economic criteria - cost and sales. Example: company’s sales force are trained to sell the company’s product.

2)   Control criteria - Control issue Example: agent might not know the technical details or handle sales brochure properly

3)    Adaptive criteria - some duration of commitment and loss of flexibility.

Comics Website

1)   Kids Comics

2)   Big Blog Comics

3)   Stan N Isaac

Marketing Management

Marketing deals with identifying and meeting the human & social needs.

AMA – marketing is an organizational function & set of processes for creating, communicating & delivering value to customers & for managing customer relationship in ways that benefit the organization & its stake holders.

Marketing Management as the art & science of choosing target markets & getting, keeping & growing customers through creating, delivering & communicating superior customer value.

Exchange & Transactions

Exchange: obtaining a product in exchange of something

Transactions: exchange with terms & conditions.

What is marketed?

1)   Goods

2)   Services

3)   Events

4)   Experiences

5)   Persons

6)   Places

7)   Properties

8)   Organizations

9)   Information

Who does Marketing?

1)   Marketers & Prospects

2)   Marketer is someone who seeks a response from another party called Prospect

3)   Marketer are skilled in stimulating demand for a company’s products.

4)   Prospect may be the customer or the consumer

Key Customer Markets?

1)   Consumer Markets

2)   Business Markets

3)   Global Markets

Market concepts

1)   Market Places

2)   Market Spaces

3)   Meta Markets

Company Orientation towards Marketplace

1)   The Production Concept

2)   The Product Concept

3)   The Selling Concept

4)   The Marketing Concept

5)   The Holistic Marketing Concept

Holistic Marketing concept

Internal Marketing

1)   marketing department

2)   Senior mgmt

3)   Other departments

Integrated Marketing

1)   Product / services

2)   Communications

3)   Channels

Socially Responsible Marketing

1)   Ethics

2)   Environment

3)   Legal

4)   Community

Relationship Marketing

1)   Customers

2)   Channel

3)   Partners

Fundamental Marketing Concepts

1)   Needs, Wants & Demands

2)   Target Market, Positioning & Segmentation

3)   Offering & Brands

4)   Value & Satisfaction

5)   Marketing Channel

6)   Supply Chain

7)   Competition

Effective Communication in Business

Effective communication at work is about knowing your employees and choosing the right message and channel for transmission. It may be necessary to develop a communications plan to outline strategies. The company’s culture is reflected in the nature of office communications, and business can hinge on effective communication.

Importance

1)   Important for the development of human civilization

2)   The ancient world depended heavily on oral communication

3) With the evolution of human civilization, the art and science of written communication were developed

4)   Writing became more important as a means of keeping permanent record of communication

5) The origination of communication principles can be traced back to the bureaucratic traditions of China.

       

Benefits

A Valuable Job Requirement

1) Managerial career requires mainly intellectual inputs to perform tasks effectively and hence an ability to communicate effectively becomes a valuable asset.

2)Communication is a primary responsibility in many careers, such as marketing, sales, public relations, human resources, customer relations, financial services, and teaching.

3)   Even if your work is mainly with figures, as in the accounting profession, the ability to communicate to those who read your financial reports is essential.

An Essential for Promotion

1) Managers spend 60 to 90 percent of their working days communicating – speaking, writing, and listening.

2) Ability to communicate is one of the very important aspects of becoming successful in managerial career.

3)   Develop the right attitude

4)   Be flexible

Components

Context

1)   Every message, whether oral or written, begins with context.

2)  It is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, and internal stimuli.

3) Every country, culture and organization has its own conventions for processing and communicating information.

4) Your attitudes, opinions, emotions, past experiences, likes and dislikes, education, etc. influence the way you communicate.

5)   Especially important is your ability to analyze the culture, viewpoint, needs, skills, status, experience and expectations in order to communicate effectively.

6)   Words alone have no meanings. They are meaningful in a given context.

Sender - Encoder

1) As a sender-encoder, you use symbols that express your message and create the desired response.

2)   Alphabets are verbal symbols, which are used to design a message.

3)   Posture, gesture, eye contact, facial expressions, silence, etc. are some of the non-verbal symbols managers use to encode a message.

Message

1)  It is the core idea that on wants to communicate and it contains both – verbal and non-verbal symbols.

2)  A communicator’s first task is to decide exactly what the message is and what other information to include.

3)   Choice of medium is crucial in determining the effectiveness of the message being communicated.

Medium

1) The selection of communication channel depends on all the contextual factors and the nature of the message itself.

2)   The choices of medium include oral conversation, presentation, meeting, on one hand and e-mail, letter, memorandum, report, proposal, on the other hand.

Receiver-Decoder

1)   The receiver of the message - either a reader or a listener – is also known as decoder.

2)   The receiver-decoder is influenced by the context and by the external  and internal stimuli.

3) The receiver decoded the whole message – the verbal and non-verbal contents of the message.

Feedback

1) The receivers’ response to a message depends on the meaning that is communicated through the message.

2) The receiver gives feedback using either a verbal or non-verbal or both symbols.

3)  Feedback can be an oral or a written message, an action or simply silence.

Decision In Information System

Structure Decision

Situations where the procedures to follow when a decision is to be made can be specified in advance e.g. inventory re-order decision.Decision made at the operational management level tends to be more structured.

Semi Structure Decision

Situations where only part of problem has clear-out answer provided by accepted procedure. E.g. Credit management. Such decisions are required at Tactical level

Un Structure Decision

Situations where the procedures to follow when a decision is to be made cannot be specified in advance Decision maker must provide judgment , evaluation, and insight to solve problems. E.g. Decision to launch a new product. Such decisions are required at strategic level

Level in Organization to be supported by Information System

Strategic Management

Typically, a board of directors and executives committee of the CEO and top executive develop overall organization goals, strategies, policies and objectives as a part of the system in real time. 

System used at this level : Executive Support Systems

Tactical Management

Increasingly business professional in a self directed terms as well as business unit managers develop short and medium range plan schedule and budget and specific the policies, the procedures and business objectives for their sub units of the company.

System used at this level : Decision Support Systems, MIS      

Operational Management

The member of self-directed terms or operating manager develop short range plan such as weekly production schedule.

System used at this level : Transaction Processing Systems

Human Foot

Human Foot

Reasons To Avoid Instant Noodles

Nutrient Absorption

Noodles inhibit the absorption of nutrients for the children under 5.

Cancer Causing

The ingredient in the instant noodles called "Styrofoam', Which is a cancer causing agent.

Miscarriage

Women who are Eating instant noodles during their pregnancy causes miscarriage, because it affect the development of a fetus.

Junk Food

Instant noodles are enriched with full of carbohydrates, but no vitamins, fibre and minerals. This makes the instant noodles considered as a junk food.

Sodium

Instant noodles are power packed with high amounts of sodium. Excess consumption of sodium leads to heart disease, stroke, hypertension and kidney damage.

MSG

Mono sodium Glutamate is used to enhance the flavor of instant noodles. People who are allergic to MSG consume it as part of their diet, then they end up suffering from headaches, facial flushing, pain, burning sensations.

Overweight

Eating Noodles is the leading cause of obesity. Noodles contains fat and large amounts of sodium, which causes water retention in the body and surely it leads to overweight.

Digestion

Instant noodles are bad for digestive system. Regular consumption of instant noodles causes irregular bowl movements and bloating.

Propylene Glycol

The ingredient in the instant noodles called "Propylene Glycol" which has a anti-freeze property. This ingredient is used because it prevents the noodles from drying by retaining moisture. It weakens the immune system of our body. It is easily absorbed by the body and it accumulates in the kidneys, heart and liver. It causes abnormalities and damage to those areas.

Metabolism

Regular consumption of instant noodles affect the body's  metabolism, because of the chemical substances like additives, coloring and preservatives inside the noodles.

Listening Skills

Listening  = Hearing + Comprehending + Interpreting + Responding

Purpose of Listening

Content Listening - Understand & retain information given by speaker

Critical Listening - Absorb the message & attempts to analyze the evidence or ideas & make critical judgment.

Appreciative Listening - Understand speaker’s feelings, needs, wants, tone & mood.

Stages of the Listening Process

1)   Sensing

2)   Recognizing

3)   Integrating

4)   Interpreting

5)   Evaluating

6)   Remembering

7)   Responding

Barriers to Active Listening

1)   Lack of rapport between speaker & audience

2)   Inadequate physical condition

3)   Non-conducive factors

4)   Inappropriate language

5)   Inappropriate articulation

6)   Lack of perspective

Overcoming Listening Barriers

1)   Definite purpose for listening

2)   Prior background of the topic

3)   Pay attention

4)   Take notes effectively

5)   Keep away prejudice & personal opinions

6)   Be emotionally stable

Guidelines for improving  Listening skills

1)   Think about the topic in advance

2)   Determine the personal value of the topic

3) Keep an open mind by asking by asking questions that clarify understanding

4)   Be flexible in your views

5)   Evaluate the content not speaker

6)    Distinguish important point from the unimportant        

Projective Techniques in Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research includes an array of interpretative techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world.

Qualitative techniques are used at both the data collection and data analysis stages of a research project. Because researchers are often looking for hidden or suppressed meanings, Projective Techniques can be used within the interview structures. Some of these techniques include

Types of Projective Techniques

Word or Picture association: Participants are asked to match images, experiences, emotions, products and services, even people and places, to whatever is being studied.

Sentence completion: Participants are asked to complete a sentence.

Cartoons or empty balloons: Participants are asked to write the dialogue for a cartoon like picture.

Thematic Apperception Test: Participants are confronted with a picture (usually a photograph or drawing) and asked to describe how the person in the picture feels and thinks.

Component sorts: Participants are presented with flash cards containing component features and asked to create new combinations.

Sensory Sorts: Participants are presented with scents, textures, and sounds, usually verbalized on cards, and asked to arrange them by one or more criteria.

Laddering or benefit chain: Participants are asked to link functional features to their physical and psychological benefits, both real and ideal.

Imagination exercises: Participants are asked to relate the properties of one thing/person/brand to another.

Imaginary Universe: Participants are asked to assume that the brand and its users populate an entire universe; they then describe the features of this new world.

Visitor from another planet: Participants are asked to assume that they are aliens and are confronting the product for the first time: they then describe their reactions, questions, and attitudes about purchase or retrial.

Personification: Participants are asked to imagine inanimate objects with the traits, characteristics and features, and personalities of humans.

Authority figure: Participants are asked to imagine that the brand or product is an authority figure and to describe the attributes of the figure.

Ambiguities and paradoxes: Participants are asked to imagine a brand as something else, describing its attributes and position.

Semantic mapping: Participants are presented with a four-quadrant map where different variables anchor the two different axes; they then spatially place brands, product components, or organizations within the four quadrants.

Brand Mapping: Participants are presented with different brands and asked to talk about their perceptions, usually in relation to several criteria. They may also be asked to spatially place each brand on one or more semantic maps.                       

Marketing Strategy Of Market Follower

Some years ago, Theodore levitt wrote an article entitle “innovative imitation,” in which he argued that strategy of product imitation might be as a profitable as a strategy of product innovation. Innovator bears the expense of developing the new product, getting it into distribution, and informing and educating the market. The reward for all this work and risk is normally market leadership. However, another firm can come along and copy or improve on the new product.

That’s not to say that market followers lack strategies. A market follower must know how to hold current customers and win a fair share of new ones. Each follower tries to bring distinctive advantages to its target market-location, services, financing. Because the follower is often a major target of attack by challengers.

Types

Counterfeiter

The counterfeiter duplicates the leader’s product and packages and sells it on the black market or through disreputable dealers. Music firms, Apple, and Rolex have been plagued by the counterfeiter problem.

Cloner

The cloner emulates the leader’s products, name, and packaging, with slight variations.

Imitator

The imitator copies some things from the leader but maintains differentiation in terms of packaging, advertising, pricing, or location. The leader doesn’t mind the imitators as long as the imitator doesn’t attack the leader aggressively. Fernandez Pujals grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and took Domino’s home delivery idea to Spain, where he  borrowed $80,000 to open his first store in Madrid.

Adapter

The adapter takes the leader’s products and adapts or improves them. The adapter may choose to sell to different markets, but often it grows into the future challenger, as many Japanese firms have done after improving products developed elsewhere.

Moods

The feelings that tends to be less intense then emotions and lack of contextual stimuli

Sources of Moods

1)   Personality

2)   Day and Time of the Week

3)   NOT Weather

4)   Stress

5)   Social Activities

6)   Sleep

7)   Exercise

8)   Age

9)   Gender

Gender and Emotions

Women

1)   Can show greater emotional expression

2)   Experience emotions more intensely

3)   Display emotions more frequently

4)   Are more comfortable in expressing emotions

5)   Are better at reading others’ emotions

Men

1)   Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image

2)   Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions

3)  Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive emotions

Johari window

A Johari window is a psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 in the United States.

It was developed while researching group dynamics.

Today the JW model is especially relevant because of the modern emphasis on soft skills, behavior, empathy, cooperation, inter-group development and interpersonal development.

Arena

What is known by the person about him/herself and also known by others.

Examples: your name, the color of your hair, the fact you own a car.

Blind Spot

What is unknown by the person about him/herself but what others know.

Examples: your own manners, the feelings of other persons about you.

Facade

What the person knows about him/herself that others do not know.

Such as: your secrets, your hopes, desires, what you like and what you dislike.

The Unknown

Traits unknown by the person about him/herself and also unknown by others.

The unknown also has potential to influence the rest of the JW.

Moral Suasion

It takes the form of writing letters and holding discussions between the RBI and the banks about trends in the economy in  general and in money, credit and finance in particular.

It also includes the measures which ought to be taken from time to time in the light of national objectives

Core Competencies

It can be defined as an activity at which a firm is a world-class leader. E.g. Honda is known for its engine.

Enhancing core competencies

Yet another way to use information system for competitive advantage is to think about ways that system can enhance core competencies. The argument is that the performance of all business unit will increase in so far as these business unit develop, or create, a central core competencies.

A CC relies on knowledge that is gained over many years of experience and acquiring knowledge over a period of time. IS can be used to store, retrieve knowledge and experiences that the company has gained to develop strategic advantage and enhance its core competencies

For example: - Procter & gamble, a world leader in brand management and consumer product innovation, uses a series of system to enhance its core competencies. P&G uses an internet called innovation net to help people working on similar problem share ideas and expertise.

Just In Time

According to Schonberg Just In Time is Produce and deliver finished goods just in time to be sold, sub-assemblies just in time to be assembled into finished goods, and purchased materials just in time to be transformed into fabricated parts

Importance

1.   It means producing what & when it is needed

2.   Anything over the minimum amount is viewed as a waste

3.   JIT is applied in repetitive manufacturing

4.  The goal is to drive all inventory levels to zero, thus minimizing inventory investment and shortening lead times

5.   JIT exposes problems otherwise hidden be excess inventories and staff

Benefits

1.   Heightened awareness of problems and causes in the organization

2.   Generation of new ideas for improvement

3.   Lot-size reduction

4.   JIT production

5.   Better quality control

6.   Higher productivity

7.   Less wastage

8.   Less inventory in the system

Market logistics

Physical distribution is now explained by a broader term known as Supply chain management

Activities that involves procuring the right inputs ( raw material, components and capital equipment), converting them efficiently into finished products and dispatching them to the final destinations

Market logistics involves planning the infrastructure to meet demand, then implementing and controlling the physical flows of materials and final goods from point of origin to points of use to meet customer requirement at a profit.

Market Logistics Planning

1)   Deciding the  company’s value preposition to its customer

2) Deciding the best channel design and network strategy for reaching the customers

3) Developing operational excellence in sales forecasting, warehouse management, transportation management and materials management

4)   Implementing the solution with the best information systems, equipment, policies and procedures

Market Logistics Decisions

1)   How should orders be handled ? – Order processing

2)   Where should stocks be located ? - Ware housing

3)   How much stock should be held ? – Inventory

4)     How should good should be shipped ? - Transportation

Channel Systems

Here are three types of channel systems

1.   Vertical,

2.   Horizontal

3.   Multi channel

Vertical Marketing System

It comprises of producer, wholesaler and retailer acting as a unified system. One channel member – the channel captain owns the others or franchises them

Types

Corporate VMS

combines successive stages of production and distribution under one ownership –  Apple

Administered VMS

Successive stages of production and distribution is coordinated through the size and power of one of the members – Dominant brands secure distribution in this manner – Wal-Mart

Contractual VMS

Independent firms at different levels of production and distribution integrate their programs on a contractual basis to obtain more economies or sales impact that they could achieve alone. Its types are –

1.   Wholesaler sponsored

2.   Retailer sponsored

3.   Franchise organization

Horizontal Marketing Systems

Two or more unrelated companies put together resources or programs to exploit an emerging marketing opportunity. IOC – ICICI petro card, McDonald- Walt Disney

  Multi channel Marketing Systems

It occurs when a single firm uses two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments.

Statistics In Business

Business statistics is the science of good decision making in the face of uncertainty and is used in many disciplines such as financial analysis, econometric, auditing, production and operations including services improvement, and marketing research.

Use of Statistics In Functional Areas

Accounting

cost of goods, salary expense, depreciation, utility costs, taxes, equipment inventory, etc.

Finance

World bank bond rates, number of failed savings and loans, measured risk of common stocks, stock dividends, foreign exchange rate, liquidity rates for a single-family, etc.

Human Resources

salaries, size of engineering staff, years experience, age of employees, years of education, etc.

Marketing

number of units sold, dollar sales volume, forecast sales, size of sales force, market share, measurement of consumer motivation, measurement of consumer frustration, measurement of brand preference, attitude measurement, measurement of consumer risk, etc.

Information Systems

size of memory, number of work stations, storage capacity, percent of professionals who are connected to a computer network, dollar assets of company computing, number of “hits” on the Internet, time spent on the Internet per day, percentage of people who use the Internet, retail dollars spent in e-commerce, etc.

Production

number of production runs per day, weight of a product; assembly time, number of defects per run, temperature in the plant, amount of inventory, turnaround time, etc.

Management

measurement of union participation, measurement of employer support, measurement of tendency to control, number of subordinates reporting to a manager, measurement of leadership style, etc.

Use of Statistics in Business Industries

Manufacturing

size of punched hole, number of rejects, amount of inventory, amount of production, number of production workers, etc.

Insurance

number of claims per month, average amount of life insurance per family head, life expectancy, cost of repairs for major auto collision, average medical costs incurred for a single female over 45 years of age, etc.

Travel

cost of airfare, number of miles traveled for ground transported vacations, number of nights away from home, size of traveling party, amount spent per day on nonloging, etc.

Retailing

inventory turnover ratio, sales volume, size of sales force, number of competitors within 2 miles of retail outlet, area of store, number of sales people, etc.

Communications

cost per minute, number of phones per office, miles of cable per customer headquarters, minutes per day of long distance usage, number of operators, time between calls, etc.

Computing

age of company hardware, cost of software, number of CAD/CAM stations, age of computer operators, measure to evaluate competing software packages, size of data base, etc.

Agriculture

number of farms per county, farm income, number of acres of corn per farm, wholesale price of a gallon of milk, number of livestock, grain storage capacity, etc.

Banking

size of deposit, number of failed banks, amount loaned to foreign banks, number of tellers per drive-in facility, average amount of withdrawal from automatic teller machine, federal reserve discount rate, etc.

360° Feedback - A Method of Self Review

The combination of peer, subordinate and self-review

Key Steps in Implementing 360° Appraisal

1)   Top management communicates the goals.

2)   Employees and managers are involved in the development of the appraisal criteria and process.

3)   Employees are trained in giving & receiving feedback.

4)   Employees are informed of the nature of the 360° appraisal instrument and process.

5)   The 360° system undergoes pilot testing

6)   Management continuously reinforces the goals of the 360° appraisal and is ready to change the process when necessary.

Website For Art

1)   India Art

2)   Art India

3)   All India Arts

4)   E-India Art

5)   Deviant Art

6)   Acmi Art

Organization and the Need for Management

Organization

Two or more people who work together in a structured way to achieve a specific goal or set of goals.

Goals

The purpose that an organization strives to achieve; organizations often have more than one goal, goals are fundamental elements of organizations.

Management

The process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals.

Manager

People responsible for directing the efforts aimed at helping organizations achieve their goals.

Managerial and Organizational Performance

Managerial Performance

The measure of how efficient and effective a manager is – how well he or she determines and achieves appropriate objectives.

Organizational Performance

The measure of how efficient and effective an organization is-how well it achieves appropriate objectives

Efficiency

The ability to minimize the use of resources in achieving organizational objectives: “doing things right”

Effectiveness

The ability to determine appropriate objectives: “doing the right things”

Management

According to Mary Parker Follett Art of getting things done through people.

According to George R. Terry Consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resource.

Importance of Management
1)   Management is a critical element in the economic growth of a country
2)   Management is essential in all organized efforts, be it a business activity or any other activity
3)   Management is the dynamic, life-giving element in every organization

Management process

Process A systematic method of handling activities.

The four main Management Activities are
1)   Planning
2)   Organizing
3)   Leading
4)   controlling

Planning

The process of establishing goals and suitable course of action for achieving those goals.

Organizing

The process of engaging two or more people in working together in a structured way to achieve a specific goal or set of goals.

Leading

The process of directing and influencing the task-related activities of group members or an entire organization.

Controlling

The process of ensuring that actual activities conform to planned activities.

Management Level and Skills

Henry Fayol  a famous management theorist has identified three basic kinds of skills,

Technical Skills

The ability to use the procedures, techniques and knowledge of a specialized field

Human Skills

The ability to work with, understand and motivate other people as individuals or in groups

Conceptual Skill

The ability to coordinate and integrate all of an organization’s interests and activities.

Marketing Channels

They are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption

Ex.

1.   Intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers who buy, take title and sell are known as – Merchants

2.   Some others who act on behalf of the producer but do not 

take title are known as - agents.

 Importance

1.   It must convert potential buyers to profitable order

2.   It must not only serve markets but also ‘make markets’

3.   Push v/s Pull strategy needs to be worked out

4.   Push is for low brand loyalty, impulse item

5.   Pull is for high brand loyalty, high involvement item

Channel development

1.   Usual intermediaries – agents, wholesalers, retailers, trucking companies (transporters) and warehouses

2.   Hybrid channels : use of sales force, internet, home shopping, telephone along with usual intermediaries

Role

1.   Intermediaries bring in pooled financial resource

2.   They help in breaking bulk and create assortment for customer

3.   They are most cost effective due to specialization

4.   They are most helpful in small value items which cannot be sold through direct marketing

Function

1.   Gather information from the marketing environment

2.   Develop and send persuasive communication to customers

3.   Reach price agreement and transfer ownership

4.   Acquire funds to finance inventories at different levels

5.   Provide storage and movement to products

6.   Provide customer with retail financing

7.   Carry the risk associated with the channel work

Hire Purchase - A Method of Purchase

Hire puchase system is a special system of purchase and sale of goods. Under this system purchaser pays the price of the goods in installments. The installments may be annual, six monthly, quarterly, monthly fortnightly etc. Under this system the goods are delivered to the purchaser at the time of agreement before the payment of installments but the title on the goods is transferred after the payment of all installments as per the hire-purchase agreement.

The special feature of a hire-purchase transaction is that the payment of every installment is treated as the payment of hire charges by the purchaser to the hire vendor till the payment of the last installment.. After the payment of the last installment, the amount of various installments paid is appropriated towards the payment of the price of the goods sold and the ownership or the goods is transferred to the purchaser. Thus hire-purchase means a transaction where the goods are sold by vendor to the purchaser under the following conditions

1.   the goods will be delivered to the purchaser at the time of agreement.

2.   the purchaser has a right to use the goods delivered.

3.   the price of the goods will be paid in installments.

4.   every installment will be treated to be the hire charges of the goods which is being used by the purchaser.

5.   if all installments are paid as per the terms of agreement , the title of the goods is transferred by vendor to the purchaser.

6.   if there is a default in the payment of any of the installments, the vendor will take away the goods from the possession of the purchaser without refunding him any amount received earlier in the form of various installments.

E-Mail

1)  Google

2)   Hotmail

3)   Yahoo

4)   India Times

5)   Rediff

6)   Sify

7)   Aol

8)   Inbox

9)   zoho

Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)

RTGS

1)   Funds transfer mechanism

2)   Real time-no waiting period

3)   Gross settlement-one to one basis

4)   ‘electronic payment system’-controlled by the central bank

RTGS in India

1)   Service charges vary from bank to bank

2)   No processing charges till March 2009

3)   Must have core banking

4)   Minimum value of transaction-Rs. 1,00,000

5)   No upper ceiling

6)   More than 44,000 bank branches

Required Information

1)   Amount to be remitted

2)   His account number which is to be debited

3)   Name of the beneficiary bank

4)   Name of the beneficiary customer

5)   Account number of the beneficiary customer

6)   Sender to receiver information, if any

7)   The IFSC code of the receiving branch

Advantages

1)   Suited for low volume high value transactions

2)   Lowers settlement risk

3)   Gives an accurate picture

4)   Elimination of credit risks

5)   In case of non-credit or delay in credit

6)   Contact your bank / branch

Call from Internet Website List

1)   Majic Jack

2)   Skype

3)   Net 2 Phone

4)   My Web Call

5)   Unlimited India Calling

6)   Voip Buster

7)   Rebtel

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a way for wireless devices to communicate. Wi-Fi, short for wireless Fidelity, is the Wi-Fi Alliance’s name for a wireless standard, or protocol, used for wireless communication. Wiring an office or a building for a local area network is often  a difficult and costly task. Older building  frequently do not have coaxial cables or additional twisted-pair wire.

Working of Wi-Fi Network

A wireless  network uses radio waves for transmission. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Following are the steps in wireless communication

1)  A computer’s wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

2)   A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

Use of Wi-Fi

1)   The use of wireless LAN is growing rapidly as new high-speed technologies are implemented. A

2)  A prime ex. Is a new open-standard wireless radio-wave technology technically known as IEEE 802.11b, or more popularly as Wi-Fi.

3)   Wi-Fi is faster (11Mbps) and less expensive than standard Ethernet and other common wire-based LAN technologies. Thus, Wi-Fi wireless LANs enable laptop PCs, PDAs, and other devices with Wi-Fi modems to connect easily to the internet and other networks in a rapidly increasing number of business, public and home environments.

4)   A faster version (802.11g) with speeds of 54 Mbps promises to make this technology even more widely used.

Requirement for a Wi-Fi Network

1)   Network adapters

A  network adapter is the interface between a computer and a network. In a wireless network, the adapter contains a radio transmitter that sends data from the computer to the network and  a receiver that’s detects incoming radio signals that contain data from the network and passes it along to the computer.

USB adapters is a USB port can be used  to plug-in the wireless  USB adapter that is best way for connecting the computer to the wireless network.

2)   Access Point

A Wi-Fi access point broadcast the wireless internet connectivity to wireless devices. most wireless network interface adapters perform just one function they exchange data between computer and a network.

3)   Internal and external antennas

Many access points and most wireless network adapter come with captive antennas. For most users, in most situations, those built-in antennas will send and receive a strong, clean data stream between an access point and nearby computer.

How to Boost Confidence in a First Interview?

Make Eye Contact

When you meet your interviewer, make eye contact. Eye contact is the strongest way of communicating non-verbally and it tells the interviewer that you're confident and know your business. Make sure that you maintain eye contact throughout the interview.

Have a Firm Shake

If you are at a personal interview, give a firm handshake. The way you greet the interviewer will tell your confidence level.

Maintain Posture

Have a good posture while talking to interviewer. Always sit up straight and look attentively at the interviewers. Your body language reveals your interest in building up the conversation further.

Be Prepared

Never walk into an interview without first doing your research about the company and position. This includes knowing what the company does and how they do it, recent news, press, and information about their competitors. Then you can easily answer for the interviewers questions with more confidence.

Be on time

This holds true for both telephone/video interviews as well as face-to-face interviews. Please make sure you give yourself plenty of time so you don’t feel rushed. Giving yourself extra time also ensures you’re completely ready for your interview.

Dress Professionally

Always make sure you wear a cleaned and comfortable dress. When you look good you feel good! It’s as simple as that.

Communicate Clearly

Always give clear and concise answers. You should clearly state how you can help achieve or solve problems for a particular organization. To do this, practice answering some common interview questions before your interview.

Ask intelligent questions

By asking intelligent questions you'll not only impress the interviewer with your interest but also set yourself apart from the competition.

Brand - The Marketing Strategy

A name, term, sigh, symbol or design or combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller and to differentiate them from those of the competitors

Branding

Brand tracking - collection of brand based information from customers on a routine basis

Brand valuation- estimating  the total financial value of the brand

Brand reinforcement - Reinforcing the values of a existing brand to generate loyalty

Brand revitalization - return to roots or generate new sources of brand equity

Brand Audit

1)   It is a consumer focused exercise  that involves a series of procedures to assess the health of the brand, uncover its sources of brand equity an suggest ways to improve and leverage its equity

2)   Brand inventory – comprehensive profile of how all the products and services sold by a company are marketed and branded

3)   Brand exploratory : Research activity conducted to understand what consumers think and feel about the brand and its corresponding product category to identify sources of brand equity

Branding Strategy

In case of new product

1)   new brand elements

2)   apply existing brand elements

3)   use combination of new and old brand elements

Brand extension - established brand is used to launch a new product which is also called sub brand

Branding Strategy

Established brand is known as parent brand an if it is associated with multiple brands it is family brand

Brand extension is of two types

1)   line extension – parent brand is used to launch new product that targets new market segment within same product category

2)   category extension – parent brand is used to enter a different product category from currently served by parent band

Brand Portfolio

Set of all brands and brand lines a firm offers for sale to buyer in a particular  category

Types

1)  Flankers - fighter or defense brands positioned with respect to rivals’ brands

2)   Cash cows - strong brands with dwindling sales

3)   Low end entry level

4)     High end prestige.  

Logistics

Logistics is refer to a physical flow of materials and finished goods from points of origin to points of use to meet the customer requirements to gain profit by adopting proper planning, implementing and controlling.

Importance

A company choosing the markets in which it wants to operate

Inventory management including costs and service levels

Customer service policies

Extent of distribution network

Location and management of storage facilities

Choice of mode of transport, selection and management of carriers.

Any packaging decisions that directly impact storage and transportation.

Functions

Procurement

Procurement refers to the steps that are used in the acquisition of goods and services. The recognition that there is a need or wants for a particular goods and services.

Transportation

Transportation means physical movement of goods from the place of origin to the place where they needed.

Warehousing

Warehousing means providing storage space serves as a buffer between production and use, warehousing may be used to enhance service and to lower transportation.

Material handling

Material handling is a system or combination of methods, facilities, labour and equipment for moving, packing and storing the materials to meet specific objectives.

Order picking

Order picking is the process of wrapping the products ordered in convenient containers to facilitate easy dispatch and unloading.

Recycling and return

Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials processing these materials and making them into new products. Return goods means a problem with the product or the customer the goods might may be returned when out dated of stock

Waste disposal

Waste disposal refers to realization of commercial value by selling off surplus items, scrap, and obsolete items.

Customer service 

Logistics is only required to provide the time and place utility. It has to ensure that the product or service being offered by the company is available to the final consumer or end user.

Inventory control

The trade of between the level of inventory to be maintained and the expected service levels to be provided to the customers.

Packaging

Primary purpose is that it is a form of advertising and marketing support logistics is concerned with providing protection for the product in transit and storage logistics.